DB43/T 2355-2022 重大隧道工程地质编录规程

ICS07.060

CCSD10/19

43

湖南省地方标准

DB43/T2355—2022

重大隧道工程地质编录规程

Codeofpracticeforgeologicalloggingoftunnelsinmajorproject

2022-05-06发布2022-08-06实施

湖南省市场监督管理局发布

DB43/T2355—2022

目次

前言························································································································Ⅳ

1范围·····················································································································1

2规范性引用文件······································································································1

3术语与定义············································································································1

3.1重大隧道工程···································································································1

3.2编录层段·········································································································1

4地质编录综合技术要求·····························································································2

4.1目的任务·········································································································2

4.2编录层段选择原则·····························································································2

4.3原始地质编录的基本要求····················································································2

4.4量具、工具及设备要求·······················································································2

4.5计量单位名称和符号··························································································2

5地质编录用语、代号及编号·······················································································2

5.1地质编录用语···································································································2

5.2编号···············································································································3

6隧道编录基本规定···································································································3

6.1帮壁···············································································································3

6.2掌子面············································································································3

6.3基点及基线设置································································································4

6.4测量方位角、坡度角及长度校准···········································································4

6.5地质分层及标记································································································4

6.6地质描述内容···································································································4

6.7摄像和照相······································································································6

7绘图·····················································································································6

7.1基本要求·········································································································6

7.2绘图方法·········································································································7

8采样与分析测试······································································································7

8.1采样目的·········································································································7

8.2采样方法与要求································································································8

8.3分析与测试····································································································10

8.4送样要求及测试质量控制··················································································11

9原始地质记录和综合整理························································································12

9.1原始地质记录·································································································12

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9.2记录综合整理·································································································12

9.3原始图件及综合图件························································································12

9.4标本、样品整理及入库·····················································································13

10质量检查············································································································13

10.1现场原始资料的抽样检查················································································13

11成果报告············································································································14

附录A（资料性）编号代号·······················································································15

A.1隧道编录层段编号···························································································15

A.2标本代号·······································································································15

A.3样品代号·······································································································15

A.4基点编号·······································································································16

A.5摄像和照相编号······························································································16

附录B（资料性）隧道工程基点基线记录·····································································18

B.1隧道工程基点基线记录·····················································································18

附录C（资料性）影像记录·······················································································19

C.1影像记录·······································································································19

附录D（规范性）不同情形下的绘图方法·····································································20

D.1全断面开挖隧道的编录绘图方法·········································································20

D.2单斜两台阶编录的绘图方法···············································································23

D.3褶皱两台阶编录的绘图方法···············································································25

D.4从两端相向编录的绘图方法···············································································26

D.5从中间相背编录的绘图方法···············································································26

D.6帮壁部分悬空的绘图方法··················································································27

附录E（资料性）标本登记·······················································································28

E.1标本登记·······································································································28

附录F（资料性）隧道工程采、送样单········································································29

F.1隧道工程采、送样登记·····················································································29

F.2内检样送样及分析···························································································30

F.3外检样送样及分析···························································································31

附录G（资料性）原始地质编录·················································································32

G.1原始地质编录·································································································32

附录H（资料性）隧道综合编录·················································································33

H.1隧道综合编录·································································································33

附录I（资料性）成果报告目录·················································································34

图1地质要素素描投影示意图······················································································6

图A.1隧道编录基点基线设置示意图···········································································16

图D.1隧道编录素描图展开示意图··············································································20

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图D.1隧道编录素描图展开示意图（续）·····································································21

图D.2隧道转弯素描投影示意图·················································································22

图D.3隧道起伏素描投影示意图·················································································23

图D.4隧道揭露单斜构造分两个台阶时素描示意图·························································24

图D.5隧道揭露向斜构造分两个台阶时素描示意图·························································25

图D.6隧道揭露背斜构造分两个台阶时素描示意图·························································25

图D.7隧道相向对接时素描示意图··············································································26

图D.8隧道相背对接时素描示意图··············································································26

图D.9隧道帮壁悬空时素描示意图··············································································27

表1野外原始资料的质量检查比例·············································································13

表A.1标本类型对应代号··························································································15

表A.2样品类型对应代号··························································································15

表A.2样品类型对应代号（续）·················································································16

表B.1隧道工程基点基线记录····················································································18

表C.1影像记录······································································································19

表E.1标本登记······································································································28

表F.1隧道工程采、送样登记····················································································29

表F.2内检样送样及分析··························································································30

表F.3外检样送样及分析··························································································31

表G.1原始地质编录································································································32

表H.1隧道综合编录································································································33

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前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由湖南省自然资源厅提出并归口。

本文件起草单位：湖南省煤炭地质勘查院、湖南省地球物理地球化学调查所。

本文件主要起草人：莫佳峰、郭经纬、陈睿卿、罗康、谢文波、赵训林、肖金成、刘铁标、王殿义、

蔡宁波、董旭、李龙、李晓峰、张良平、肖海斌、刘志伟、郑振华、胡希颖。

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重大隧道工程地质编录规程

1范围

本文件规定了重大隧道工程地质编录综合技术要求、用语、代号及编号、隧道编录基本规定、绘图、

采样与分析测试、原始地质记录和综合整理、质量检查、成果报告。

本文件适用于重大隧道工程隧道地质编录。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，

仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本

文件。

GB/T482煤层煤样采取方法

GB/T958区域地质图图例

GB6566建筑材料放射性核素限量

GB/T8170数值修约规则与极限数值的表示和判定

GB/T11615地热资源地质勘查规范

GB15218地下水资源分类分级标准

GB/T17412岩石分类和命名方案

GB/T18341地质矿产勘查测量规范

GB/T23249地勘时期煤层瓦斯含量测定方法

GB50112膨胀土地区建筑技术规范

DZ/T0064.2地下水质检验方法第2部分：水样的采集和保存

DZ/T0078固体矿产勘查原始地质编录规程

DZ/T0130地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范

TB10027铁路工程不良地质勘察规程

3术语与定义

下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

重大隧道工程tunnelsinmajorproject

建设过程帮壁及掌子面具非即时封闭性，工程整体呈线状连续展布，揭露的岩土体具有地学意义的

预算投资3000万元及以上的隧道工程。

3.2

编录层段lengthloggingoftunnel

开展地质编录形成连续地质剖面的层段。

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4地质编录综合技术要求

4.1目的任务

4.1.1目的是获得当前常规地质技术手段难以获取或获取不经济的地质资料包含实物标本，为丰富区

域地质成果、开展地质找矿与地学研究、分析不良地质体发育程度、编制隧道施工地质超前预报书等提

供系列资料。

4.1.2任务是通过收集重大隧道工程沿线已有地质、工程勘察与科研资料，并对其进行综合分析，选择具

有重要地质意义的层段，采用地质观测、记录、素描、摄像、照相、采样、测试等手段，开展地质编录。

4.2编录层段选择原则

4.2.1地学上具有研究意义或需要验证的层段。

4.2.2穿过重要含矿层位、重要断裂带、水工环地质条件复杂的层段。

4.2.3学术上有争议、物化探工作具多解性的层段。

4.2.4地质工作程度低，影响基础研究与找矿的层段。

4.2.5利用当前常规地质技术手段难以获取地质信息或获取地质信息成本过高的层段。

4.3原始地质编录的基本要求

4.3.1应在隧道开挖后，喷锚支护前立即进行。现场观察，现场编录。

4.3.2地质现象的观察应认真、细致、全面，记录与素描应真实、客观。

4.3.3地质编录应在同一帮壁上连续进行；遇到不能连续编录情况（如围岩垮塌、凹陷、溶洞、突水

等），应沿地层走向对另一帮壁的对应位置进行编录，或沿地层倾向对同一帮壁的不同深度掘进形成的

台阶进行编录。

4.3.4测量地质体的位置、产状、形态、规模，数据应准确可靠。

4.4量具、工具及设备要求

4.4.1摄像机、照相机成像分辨率应大于1000万Dpi。在高瓦斯或煤与瓦斯突出的隧道中所用设备应

具备防爆功能。

4.4.2光线不足时应使用三基色列阵式补光灯补光，照度大于2500Lux，色温为4000k～5000k。

4.4.3编录长度小于5m时，宜使用铝合金塔尺测量；编录长度大于5m时，宜使用测绳测量。

4.4.4隧道内宜使用矿用头灯，有爆炸危险时应采用防爆头灯。

4.4.5地质描述与素描图应使用2H铅笔记录于野外记录本，或直接录入地质行业认可的电子系统内。

4.5计量单位名称和符号

隧道地质编录应采用《中华人民共和国法定计量单位》规定的计量单位名称和符号。数值要反映其

精确程度，写出全部有效数值。在其精度范围内修约时，应符合GB/T8170的规定。

5地质编录用语、代号及编号

5.1地质编录用语

常用地质编录用语、代号应符合DZ/T0078的规定。

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5.2编号

5.2.1隧道编录层段编号

由3个大写字母或3个～4个“大写字母+数字+大写字母+大写字母”组合而成，参照附录A.1技

术要求执行。

5.2.2标本编号

5.2.2.1普通标本编号应符合下列规则：

——采用“编录层段的编号+标本序号+普通标本代号B”组合而成，标本序号从001开始递增，

不应重号；

示例1：

古丈隧道进口段东帮壁上的第一块标本编号为GJE001B。

——采用“编录层段的编号+标本里程位置+普通标本代号B”，标本里程位置由采标本点的里程表

示，不应重号。

示例2：

古阳隧道进口段里程为087+629处东帮壁上采的标本，标本编号YJE087629B。

5.2.2.2其他特殊意义标本编号方法同普通标本编号，用其他特殊意义标本代号代替普通标本代号“B”

组成。所用代号参照附录A.2技术要求执行。

5.2.3样品编号

方法同普通标本编号，差别为样品代号代替普通标本代号“B”组成。样品代号参照附录A.3技术

要求执行。

6隧道编录基本规定

6.1帮壁

6.1.1一条隧道应选择同一帮壁编录。

6.1.2遇到重要地质现象或隧道走向与地层走向锐夹角小于等于30︒时，素描两帮壁、掌子面或顶面

等有利位置。

6.1.3要求即时支护的开挖地段每次开挖应当次进行编录。

6.1.4对于不要求即时支护的致密坚硬厚大岩层或火成岩，可将多次开挖地段合并编录1次，但合并

后长度之和应在10m之内。

6.1.5素描图比例尺应为1∶100～1∶200，对重要构造、矿层等重要地质现象可将比例尺放大至1∶

50或更大，以清晰表达地质现象。

6.2掌子面

6.2.1洞口处应按掌子面的要求进行编录。

6.2.2矿体或矿化带、蚀变带、构造带、古生物带等重要地质信息的地段应编录掌子面。

6.2.3岩性为沉积岩、变质岩的地段每50m至少编录一次掌子面。

6.2.4厚大均一岩性或火成岩地段每100m至少编录一次掌子面。

6.2.5供隧道施工超前地质预报进行掌子面编录，应符合隧道施工的要求。

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6.3基点及基线设置

6.3.1基点编号方法宜参照附录A.4技术要求执行。

6.3.2隧道进、出洞口坐标点、及以该两点为起点分别向隧道内测量的第一个测量点为测量基点，应

详细记录基点信息，记录样式参见附录B.1。

6.3.3每次编录端点为编录基点，可与测量基点重合，也可另外设置。

6.3.4两编录基点间的连线为编录基线，宜设置于帮壁底平面与帮壁交面线沿帮壁往上1m处。

6.3.5编录基线设置应随不同的非即时性开挖方法作相应调整，但应当确保编录层段的完整拼接。

6.3.6宜用油漆及打入钢钉在现场作好基点标记。

6.3.7坐标测量结果宜采用全国统一的坐标系统和国家高程基准，测量精度符合GB/T18341的规定。

6.3.8掌子面基线起点应与当次帮壁基线终点重合。

6.4测量方位角、坡度角及长度校准

6.4.1隧道工程测量应采用符合工程质量要求精度的仪器进行，编录人员若自行测量应符合GB/T

18341的规定。

6.4.2若采用收集工程施工方的测量数据时，应做到：

a）编录层段的方位角、坡度角及长度每25m～50m对测量结果校正一次；

b）方位角、坡度角校正宜采用矿用挂罗盘进行，校正时，两测量点间的测绳应固定、拉直，挂罗

盘周边2m范围内无磁性物质影响；

c）在前测手、后测手附近各测量2次，2次结果相差在2°范围内，则取平均值为测量结果，若

超过2°则重测，直到符合规定要求；

d）或采用测量精度高于矿用挂罗盘的设备进行测量；

e）测量得出的结果与收集数据比较，两者差值方位角在3°范围内、坡度角在1°范围内则采用

收集的数据，若超出范围则查找原因，采用符合实际的数据；

f）长度测量校正宜采用钢卷尺；

g）或采用测量精度高于钢卷尺的设备进行测量；

h）测量得出的结果与收集数据比较，两者差值与收集长度的比值小于1％，则采用收集的数据，

若超出范围则查找原因，采用符合实际的数据。

6.5地质分层及标记

6.5.1一般最小岩性分层厚度在素描图上宽度不小于1mm。

6.5.2标志层、矿层不论厚度大小均应独立分层，当分层厚度在素描图上宽度小于1mm宜放大表示。

6.5.3在分层确认的基础上，对隧道两帮壁及掌子面揭露的各类界线进行标注。

6.6地质描述内容

6.6.1基础地质

6.6.1.1岩石名称、颜色、揭露位置、岩层厚度、结构、构造、矿物成分、薄小夹层、结核与包裹体、

化石、不同岩性的变化关系、上下岩层接触关系、各类岩矿石标本与样品采集情况、产状等内容，区分

沉积岩、变质岩、岩浆岩，描述既全面准确，又突出重点。

6.6.1.2褶皱的位置、类型、两翼地层或岩性的变化、枢纽及两翼产状变化、延伸变化。

6.6.1.3断层的位置、断距、性质、产状、断层面特征、破碎带宽度、破碎岩组成及特征、旁侧构造、

擦痕与阶步、赋矿情况、导水情况，以及与隧道的空间关系。

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6.6.1.4节理、劈理的位置、密度、产状、间距、充填物、延伸长度、张开度及节理特征、劈理面特

征、力学性质，组合特征。

6.6.1.5裂隙的位置、间距、密度、形态、与层面的关系、张开与闭合的变化特征、充填物、延伸长

度、裂隙面特征。

6.6.1.6岩石分类和命名方案应符合GB/T17412的要求。

6.6.2矿产地质

6.6.2.1矿体或矿化体，包括名称、位置、颜色、厚度、结构、构造、形态、品位，物理性质、标志

性矿物、化学组成，矿石类型、不同矿石的变化特征、围岩特征、产状、构造应力对矿体作用产生的影

响，矿石标本、样品采集等。

6.6.2.2蚀变岩，包括名称、位置、颜色、宽度、蚀变矿物及含量，蚀变类型、蚀变程度、蚀变分带、

蚀变与成矿的关系，矿石标本、样品采集等。

6.6.2.3遇可能对隧道工程施工产生危害的特殊矿层如煤层、沥青层、油气层、有害气体、放射性矿

产、易自燃物等除符合6.6.2.1的要求编录外，还应描述其对隧道工程施工的危害性。

6.6.3水文地质

6.6.3.1地下水分布，包括出露形态，如渗水、滴水、滴水成线、股水（涌水）、暗河等，岩石的含水

性或隔水性，含水层（带）的水量、水压、水温、PH值、颜色、泥砂含量、嗅、味、透明度，天气温

度以及地下水活动对围岩稳定的影响。

6.6.3.2根据围岩的透水性，划分隧道洞身干燥区、潮湿区、滴水区、淋水区。

6.6.3.3出水点与地层岩性、地质构造、岩溶、暗河等的关系。

6.6.3.4对地下水进行采样分析，评价地下水对结构材料的腐蚀性、生态环境的影响性和可利用性。

6.6.3.5地下水分类分级应符合GB15218的规定。

6.6.4工程地质

6.6.4.1岩石风化程度划分为全风化带、强风化带、中风化带、微风化带。

6.6.4.2统计不同岩性的线裂隙率或面积裂隙率。

6.6.4.3天然洞穴的位置、类型、规模、形态，所属地层和构造部位，充填情况，充填物成分、状态

及与空洞的空间关系。

6.6.4.4人为坑洞的位置、规模及其与隧道的空间关系。

6.6.4.5地应力异常显示性标志及其发生部位，如存在岩爆、软弱夹层挤出、隧道超前预报探孔揭露

饼状岩芯等现象。

6.6.4.6塌方部位、方式、规模及其随时变化性，横向、纵向变化特征，并分析产生塌方的地质原因

及其对继续掘进的影响。

6.6.4.7粘性土、膨胀土的位置，变形特征，滑面特征、级数、滑移方向，含水性，风化特征，与其

他软弱夹层的关系。

6.6.4.8突水、突砂、突泥的位置、类型、规模、形态、发育程度、变化特征，发生部位的岩性、产

状，发生的地质原因。

6.6.4.9围岩稳定性情况，如冒顶、片帮、掉块、底鼓、挤压、倾斜、变形、断裂等的部位、规模，

断层破碎带、破（碎）裂岩带等的特征。

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6.6.5环境地质

当发现放射性物质、有毒物质（砷、汞、铅、镉、铬等）、有害气体（瓦斯等）、地热、游离二氧化

硅等有明显异常时，应记录其位置、成份、含量，对空气、水、地表的污染现状，隧道开挖揭露时及支

护后的情况，有害气体还应记录其涌出压力。

6.7摄像和照相

6.7.1地质观测编录应同时开展摄像和照相。编录层段全程摄像，对重要矿体、构造、矿化带、蚀变

带、采样位置、特殊地质现象、出水点、典型水文地质、典型工程地质、典型环境地质现象等进行照相。

6.7.2摄像机和照相机镜头方向宜与隧道帮壁延伸方向大致垂直，镜头大致保持水平。

6.7.3摄像机与隧道帮壁的距离在拍摄过程中始终一致，至少距离为2m，摄像过程中保持缓慢匀速

移动，要求被摄物显示清晰。特殊情况下采用照相机辅助照相。

6.7.4摄像前在地层分界、岩性分层、标志层界线、矿体边界、构造等地质现象变化位置放参照物和

标识性牌板。

6.7.5对影像与照片应加注地层代号，各类地质界线、断层性质、应力方向等。应及时编号，可参照

附录A.5技术要求执行。

6.7.6摄像、照相后参照附录C.1规定及时填写记录。

7绘图

7.1基本要求

7.1.1帮壁素描图是将地质要素水平投影至通过基线的竖直立面而成的图。素描前，先按比例做出一

假想竖直立面，标明基点和基线位置。然后选择能准确反映地质要素位置和形态变化的测点，再将测点

水平投影于直立面，然后勾绘。

示例：

隧道帮壁a、b、e三点分别水平投影于过基线的竖直立面得到a′、b′、e′三点，见图1a）。

a）帮壁投影示意图b）掌子面投影示意图

图1地质要素素描投影示意图

7.1.2掌子面素描图编制方法是用通过基线的竖直立面作投影的方法。掌子面使用理想化规则梯形法

作图，隧道帮壁与掌子面相交处为腰线，与底边夹角为70°。

示例：

掌子面上a、e两点分别水平投影于过基线的竖直立面得到a′、e′三点，见图1b）。

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7.2绘图方法

不同情形下的绘图方法按附录D规定执行。

8采样与分析测试

8.1采样目的

8.1.1标本

为今后开展地球科学研究提供系统的实物标本，应采集不同规格的标本。特大标本规格不小于60cm

×40cm×20cm。大标本规格为20cm×15cm×10cm～30cm×25cm×20