GB/T 44362-2024 焊缝无损检测 超声检测 自动全聚焦技术(TFM)

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中华人民共和国国家标准

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

焊缝无损检测超声检测

自动全聚焦技术（TFM）

Non-destructivetestingofwelds—Ultrasonictesting—Automatedtotalfocusing

technique（TFM）

（ISO23864:2021,Non-destructivetestingofwelds—Ultrasonictesting—Useof

automatedtotalfocusingtechnique（TFM）andrelatedtechnologies，IDT）

2024-08-23发布2024-08-23实施

国家市场监督管理总局发布

国家标准化管理委员会

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

目次

前言

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Ⅲ

1

范围

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1

2

规范性引用文件

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1

3

术语和定义

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2

4

检测等级

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2

5

检测前需要的信息

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3

5.1

编制检测工艺规程所需的信息

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3

5.2

检测前检测人员所需的信息

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4

5.3

书面检测工艺规程

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4

6

检测人员和检测设备的要求

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4

6.1

人员资格

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4

6.2

检测设备

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4

7

检测准备

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7.1

检测区域

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5

7.2

典型焊缝不连续成像

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5

7.3

检测设置的验证

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9

7.4

扫查步进的设置

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9

7.5

几何形状的影响

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7.6

扫查面的准备

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7.7

温度

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7.8

耦合剂

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9

8

母材检测

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9

范围和灵敏度

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9.1

通则

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9.2

范围和灵敏度设置

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.

9.3

设置核查

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10

参考试块和测试试块

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10.1

通则

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11

10.2

材质

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10.3

尺寸和形状

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10.4

参考反射体

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11

设备核查

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12

12

检测工艺规程验证

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12

13

焊缝检测

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12

Ⅰ

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

14

数据存储

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15

TFM图像解释和分析

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15.1

总则

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12

15.2

TFM图像质量评价

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15.3

相关指示鉴别

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15.4

相关指示分类

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15.5

指示位置和长度

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15.6

指示幅度或高度

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15.7

根据验收标准评定

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16

检测报告

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17

奥氏体焊缝

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15

附录A（资料性）典型参考试块和参考反射体

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16

A.1参考反射体

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16

A.2典型参考试块

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17

A.2.1检测等级A

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17

A.2.2检测等级B

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A.2.3检测等级C

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A.2.4检测等级D

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A.2.5厚度为3.2mm～8mm的被检件

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附录B（资料性）典型不连续的TFM成像

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22

B.1总则

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B.2成像示例

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参考文献

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30

Ⅱ

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

本文件等同采用ISO23864:2021《焊缝无损检测超声检测自动全聚焦（TFM）及相关技术的

应用》。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由中国机械工业联合会提出。

本文件由全国焊接标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC55）归口。

本文件起草单位：上海材料研究所有限公司、中国特种设备检测研究院、衢州市计量质量检验研究

院、中广核检测技术有限公司、艾因蒂克科技（上海）有限公司、东方电气集团东方锅炉股份有限公

司、宁波市特种设备检验研究院、核电运行研究（上海）有限公司、秦皇岛博诚工程技术有限公司、

中国机械总院集团哈尔滨焊接研究所有限公司、山东瑞祥模具有限公司、华东理工大学、抚顺市特种设

备监督检验所、河北亿海管道集团有限公司、新乡市诚德能源科技装备有限公司、杭州电子科技大学、

青岛宜博铜业集团有限公司。

本文件主要起草人：张义凤、蒋建生、原可义、汤建帮、张瑞、谭云华、钱盛杰、丁杰、童良怀、

王建军、王福贵、魏玉龙、项延训、黄隐、余哲、钟德煌、刘勇、黄辉、苏金花、杨成、万海涛、

刘立帅、王晓宁、郭优、向文丽、陈建新、孔亚广、谈树涛。

Ⅲ

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

焊缝无损检测超声检测

自动全聚焦技术（TFM）

1范围

本文件规定了母材厚度不小于3.2mm的金属熔化焊接接头使用全聚焦（TFM）及相关技术的半自

动或全自动超声检测。

注：除另有规定，本文件的“TFM”和“TFM技术”是指ISO23243中定义的TFM技术及其相关的全部技术，具

体见GB/T43921—2024和ISO23243。

本文件适用于各向同性（不同方向性能相同）且均匀的金属焊缝，也适用于各向同性且均匀的低碳

合金钢焊缝和常规航空等级的铝合金和钛合金焊缝。

本文件适用于板、管和容器简单几何形状的全熔透焊接接头。

本文件规定了4个检测等级（A级、B级、C级和D级），不同等级对应不同的缺欠检出率，提供

了检测等级选择导则。当满足本文件规定时，能检测粗晶金属和奥氏体焊缝。

本文件规定了TFM技术在熔焊接头不连续的检测、定位、定量和表征等方面的具体能力和局限

性。TFM技术能作为单独技术使用，也能与其他无损检测（NDT）方法结合用于制造、在役和修复后

检测。

本文件包括基于长度与最高回波幅度（当量反射体尺寸），或长度与高度的验收指标评估。

本文件不包括不连续的验收等级。

本文件描述了以下2种典型检测技术的检测熔焊接头：

a）侧向扫查，即探头置于焊缝盖面附近，通常使用楔块，从焊缝单侧或双侧进行扫查；

b）顶部扫查，即探头置于焊缝盖面顶部，使用柔性适型延迟块或采用水浸技术，或去除焊缝盖面

后采用接触技术扫查。

半自动检测包含控制一个或多个探头运动线路的固定装置（含引导条、标尺等），通过位置传感器

测量探头位置，以手动方式实现扫查。

此外，全自动检测还包含机械驱动系统。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文

件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用

于本文件。

GB/T43921—2024无损检测超声检测全矩阵采集/全聚焦技术（FMC/TFM）

（ISO23865:2021,IDT）

ISO5577无损检测超声检测术语（Non﹘destructivetesting—Ultrasonictesting—Vocabu﹘

lary）

注：GB/T12604.1—2020无损检测术语超声检测（ISO5577:2017,MOD）

ISO5817焊接钢、镍、钛及其合金熔化焊接头（束焊除外）缺欠质量等级[Welding—Fu﹘

sion﹘weldedjointsinsteel,nickel,titaniumandtheiralloys（beamweldingexcluded）—Quality

levelsforimperfections]

1

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

注：GB/T19418—2003钢的弧焊接头缺陷质量分级指南（ISO5817:1992,IDT）

ISO9712无损检测人员资格鉴定和认证（Non-destructivetesting—Qualificationandcertifica﹘

tionofNDTpersonnel）

注：GB/T9445—2015无损检测人员资格鉴定与认证（ISO9712:2012,IDT）

ISO17635焊缝无损检测金属材料通则（Non﹘destructivetestingofwelds—Generalrulesfor

metallicmaterials）

注：GB/T34628—2017焊缝无损检测金属材料应用通则（IS017635:2016,IDT）

ISO18563﹘1无损检测相控阵超声设备的性能与检验第1部分：仪器（Non﹘destructivetest﹘

ing—Characterizationandverificationofultrasonicphasedarrayequipment—Part1:Instruments）

注：GB/T42399.1—2023无损检测仪器相控阵超声设备的性能与检验第1部分：仪器

（ISO18563﹘1:2022，IDT）

ISO18563﹘2无损检测相控阵超声设备的性能与检验第2部分：探头（Non﹘destructivetest﹘

ing—Characterizationandverificationofultrasonicphasedarrayequipment—Part2:Probes）

注：GB/T42399.2—2023无损检测仪器相控阵超声设备的性能与检验第2部分：探头

（ISO18563﹘2:2017，IDT）

ISO23243无损检测阵列超声检测术语（Non﹘destructivetesting—Ultrasonictestingwithar﹘

rays—Vocabulary）

注：GB/T12604.13—2023无损检测术语第13部分：阵列超声检测（ISO23243:2020，IDT）

3术语和定义

GB/T43921—2024、ISO5577、ISO17635和ISO23243界定的术语和定义适用于本文件。

4检测等级

焊接接头的质量要求与材料、焊接工艺和使用状况有关。本文件根据质量要求规定了4个检测等级

（A级、B级、C级和D级）。

从检测等级A至检测等级C，通过增加检测覆盖范围，例如增加成像路径数量和阵列位置数量等，

提高缺欠检出率。

检测等级D适用于经各方同意的特殊应用，在制定书面检测工艺规程时应关注本文件的通用要求。

特殊应用包括检测非铁素体钢材料、检测部分熔透焊缝、超出7.7规定温度范围的检测等。对于检测等

级D，应采用测试试块验证。

与质量等级相关的检测等级应符合ISO5817或等效技术标准的规定。合适的检测等级按照焊缝检测

标准（如ISO17635）、产品标准或其他文件确定。当规定使用ISO17635时，推荐的检测等级见表1。

表1推荐的检测等级

检测等级ISO5817规定的质量等级

AC、D

BB

C合同规定

D特殊应用

各检测等级的最低要求见表2。如7.3所述，在任何情况下都应使用参考试块和/或测试试块验证

设置。

2

GB/T44362—2024/ISO23864:2021

如果焊缝余高被去除且被检表面平整，则可采用TFM进行顶部扫查，否则应识别余高几何结构的

影响而采用自适应聚焦技术。

在焊缝双侧同时使用两个探头进行侧向扫查，可实现从一个探头至另一个探头的成像路径（见

GB/T43921—2024）。

表2检测等级最低要求

检测等级

检测技术

AaBaCbDb

直接成像路径和保证焊缝

距离焊缝固定位置的顶直接成像路径和使用底面合同规定的合适成像

直接成像路径坡口处平面不连续反射信

部扫查（沿线扫查）