GB/T 18314-2024 全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量规范

ICS

07.040

CCS

A76

中华人民共和国国家标准

GB/T18314—2024

代替GB/T18314—2009

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范

Specificationsforsurveyandmeasurementofglobalnavigationsatellitesystem

2024-08-23发布2025-03-01实施

国家市场监督管理总局发布

国家标准化管理委员会

GB/T18314—2024

目次

前言

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Ⅲ

1

范围

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2

规范性引用文件

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3

术语和定义

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4

基本要求

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5

级别划分和测量精度

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5.1

级别划分

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5.2

用途

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5.3

测量精度

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6

GNSS网布设

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6.1

布设基本要求

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6.2

设计要求

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6.3

GNSS点命名

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6.4

技术设计

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7

选点

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7.1

选点准备

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5

7.2

点位基本要求

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7.3

辅助点与方位点

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7.4

选点作业

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7.5

选点后上交的资料

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8

埋石

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8.1

标石

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8.2

埋石作业

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8.3

标石外部整饰

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8.4

关键工序的控制

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8.5

埋石后上交的资料

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9

仪器

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9.1

接收机选用

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9.2

仪器检验

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9.3

仪器维护

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10

观测

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10.1

基本技术要求

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10.2

观测区的划分

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10.3

观测计划

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Ⅰ

GB/T18314—2024

10.4

观测前的准备

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10.5

观测作业的要求

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11

外业成果记录

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11.1

A级GNSS网外业成果记录

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11.2

B、C、D、E级GNSS网外业成果记录

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11.3

观测资料整理

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12

数据处理

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12.1

基本要求

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12.2

外业数据质量检核

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12.3

基线向量解算

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12.4

A、B级GNSS网基线处理结果质量检核

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12.5

重测和补测

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12.6

GNSS网平差

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12.7

数据处理成果整理和技术总结编写

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13

成果验收与上交资料

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13.1

成果检查与验收

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13.2

提交资料

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附录A(资料性)2000国家大地坐标系统的定义和地球椭球参数

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附录B(规范性)选点与埋石资料及其说明

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B.1

点之记

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B.2

GNSS点环视图

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B.3

标石类型图

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附录C(规范性)气象仪表的主要技术要求

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C.1

通风干湿表的主要技术要求和使用

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C.2

空盒气压表的主要技术要求和使用

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附录D(规范性)测量手簿记录及有关要求

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D.1

测量手簿

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D.2

测量手簿记录内容及要求

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D.3

天线高测定方法及要求

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附录E(资料性)归心元素测定与计算

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E.1

GNSS三角测量方法

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E.2

纯GNSS方法

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E.3

三角联测方法

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附录F(规范性)同步观测环检核

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Ⅱ

GB/T18314—2024

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

本文件代替GB/T18314—2009《全球定位系统（GPS）测量规范》,与GB/T18314—2009相

比，除结构调整和编辑性改动外，主要技术变化如下：

a）标准名称变更为《全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范》；

b）增加3条术语“GNSS网”“独立基线”“点观测模式”（见3.8、3.10、3.13）；

c）增加了使用多卫星系统下的共性测量要求，增加了利用北斗卫星导航系统开展测量的规定与描

述（见4.1、10.1.2）；

d）删除了1980西安坐标系及1954年北京坐标系的参考椭球基本参数等要求（见2009年版的4.4，附

录A）；

e）增加了使用点位中误差划分精度等级的内容（见5.3.2）；

f）更改了选点、埋石中的部分技术细节（见第7章和第8章，2009年版的第7章和第8章）；

g）增加了基线测量中误差的计算公式（见12.2.5）；

h）更改了技术总结编写中的部分技术细节（见12.7，2009年版的12.7）；

i）更改了成果验收的部分内容（见13.1，2009年版的13.1）；

j）更改了点之记及部分标石类型的示例（见附录B，2009年版的附录B）；

k）更改了归心元素计算内容，与测定方法合并（见附录E，2009年版的附录E）；

l）增加了同步环闭合差为0时的检核方法（见附录F）。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由中华人民共和国自然资源部提出。

本文件由全国地理信息标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC230）归口。

本文件起草单位：自然资源部测绘标准化研究所、中国测绘科学研究院、自然资源部第一大地测量

队、自然资源部大地测量数据处理中心、武汉大学、国家基础地理信息中心、江苏省测绘工程院、自然

资源部四川测绘产品质量监督检验站、北京市测绘设计研究院。

本文件主要起草人：肖学年、郭炜信、严竞新、秘金钟、程传录、马聪丽、刘站科、姜卫平、

陈华、张鹏、张庆兰、王勇、谭明建、华劼、贾光军、李森、吕玉霞、安德恭、尹彤、蒋光伟、

谷守周、张庆涛、张建华、张凤录。

本文件及其所代替文件的历次版本发布情况为：

—2001年首次发布为GB/T18314—2001，2009年第一次修订；

—本次为第二次修订。

Ⅲ

GB/T18314—2024

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）测量规范

1范围

本文件规定了利用全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）静态测量技术，建立GNSS控制网的布设要求、测

量方法、精度指标和技术要求。

本文件适用于国家和区域各类GNSS控制网的设计、布测和数据处理。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文

件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用

于本文件。

GB/T12897国家一、二等水准测量规范

GB/T12898国家三、四等水准测量规范

GB/T17942国家三角测量规范

GB/T24356测绘成果质量检查与验收

GB/T28588全球导航卫星系统连续运行基准站网技术规范

GB/T35767卫星导航定位基准站网基本产品规范

GB/T39616卫星导航定位基准站网络实时动态测量（RTK）规范

CH/T1001测绘技术总结编写规定

CH/T1004测绘技术设计规定

CH/T8016全球定位系统(GPS)测量型接收机检定规程

3术语和定义

下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

观测时段observationsession

测站上开始接收卫星信号到停止接收，连续观测的时间间隔。

3.2

同步观测simultaneousobservation

2台或2台以上接收机同时对同一组卫星进行的观测。

3.3

同步环simultaneousobservationloop

3台或3台以上接收机同步观测所获得的基线向量构成的闭合环。

3.4

异步环independentobservationloop

由非同步观测获得的基线向量构成的闭合环。

1

GB/T18314—2024

3.5

数据剔除率percentageofdatarejection

同一时段中，有效的观测值个数与获取的总观测数量的比值。

3.6

全球导航卫星系统globalnavigationsatellitesystem；GNSS

在全球范围内提供定位、导航和授时服务的卫星系统的统称。

注：例如全球定位系统（GPS）、格洛纳斯导航卫星系统（GLONASS）、伽利略导航卫星系统（Galileo）和北斗

卫星导航系统（BDS）等。

[来源：GB/T39611—2020，2.3.1，有修改]

3.7

GNSS静态定位staticGNSSpositioning

通过在多个测站上进行同步观测，确定测站之间相对位置的GNSS定位测量。

3.8

GNSS网GNSSnetwork

使用GNSS测量定位技术建立的测量控制网。

3.9

卫星导航定位基准站globalnavigationsatellitesystemreferencestation

卫星导航定位连续运行基准站

continuouslyoperatingreferencestation；CORS

对卫星导航信号进行长期连续观测，获取观测数据，并通过通信设施将观测数据实时或者定时传送

至数据中心的地面固定观测站。

[来源：GB/T39611—2020，2.1，有修改]

3.10

独立基线independentbaseline

线性无关的一组观测基线。

[来源：CJJ/T73—2019,2.1.19]

3.11

单基线解singlebaselinesolution

在多台GNSS接收机同步观测中，每次选取两台接收机的GNSS观测数据解算相应的基线向量。

3.12

多基线解multi-baselinesolution

从m(m≥3)台GNSS接收机同步观测值中，统一解算出m-1条独立基线的向量。

3.13

点观测模式

利用单台GNSS接收机获取卫星观测数据，联合卫星导航定位基准站进行数据解算的观测方法。

3.14

国际导航卫星系统服务组织internationalGNSSservice；IGS

提供全球导航卫星系统的卫星星历、卫星钟差以及相应卫星系统的地面基准站坐标等方面信息的国

际组织。

注：通常包括BDS、GPS、GLONASS、Galileo等全球导航卫星系统。

4基本要求

4.1GNSS测量成果应采用2000国家大地坐标系，2000国家大地坐标系的定义和参考椭球参数见附录A。

4.2GNSS数据处理时应采用统一的时间系统。

2

GB/T18314—2024

4.3用于各级GNSS网测量的仪器应经具有授权的检定校准机构进行检定或校准，并在其检定有效期

内使用。

4.4各级GNSS网测量应采用中误差作为精度的技术指标，并以2倍中误差作为极限误差。

5级别划分和测量精度

5.1级别划分

GNSS测量按照用途和测量精度分为A、B、C、D、E级。

5.2用途

5.2.1A级GNSS测量用于建立国家一等大地控制网，进行全球性的地球动力学研究、地壳形变测量和

精密定轨等。

5.2.2B级GNSS测量用于建立国家二等大地控制网，建立地方或城市坐标基准框架、区域性的地球动

力学研究、地壳形变测量、局部形变监测和各种精密工程测量等。

5.2.3C级GNSS测量用于建立三等大地控制网，以及建立区域、城市及工程测量的基本控制网等。

5.2.4D、E级GNSS测量用于建立四等大地控制网和中（小）城市、城镇以及测图、地籍、土地信

息、房产、物探、勘测、建筑施工等的控制测量等，该类测量工作可利用卫星导航定位基准站网的网络

RTK方法进行作业，并满足GB/T39616中对应精度等级的测量要求。

5.3测量精度

5.3.1A级GNSS网由卫星导航定位基准站构成，其坐标年变化率中误差、相对精度和地心坐标各分量

年平均中误差应不大于表1的要求。

表1A级GNSS测量精度

坐标年变化率中误差

地心坐标各分量年平均中误差

级别水平分量垂直分量相对精度

mm

mm/amm/a

A231×10-80.5

5.3.2B、C、D、E级GNSS网的点位中误差、相邻点基线分量中误差精度和相邻点间平均距离应不大

于表2的要求。

表2B、C、D、E级GNSS测量等级精度

点位中误差相邻点基线分量中误差

相邻点间平均距离

级别水平分量垂直分量水平分量垂直分量

km

mmmmmmmm

B51051050

C1015102015

D153020405

E153020402

5.3.3用于建立国家二等大地控制网和三、四等大地控制网的GNSS测量，在满足5.3.2规定的B、C、

D级精度要求的基础上，其相对精度应分别不低于1×10-7、1×10-6、1×10-5。

3

GB/T18314—2024

5.3.4各级GNSS网点相邻点的GNSS测量大地高差的精度，应不大于表1和表2规定的各级相邻点基

线垂直分量的要求。

6GNSS网布设

6.1布设基本要求

6.1.1GNSS网一般应逐级布设，在保证测量精度、密度等技术要求时可跨级布设。

6.1.2GNSS网的布设应根据其建设目标和测量精度要求，综合考虑测区已有的资料、测区地形和交通

状况等因素，按照优化设计原则进行。A级GNSS网布设按照GB/T28588执行。

6.1.3B、C、D、E级GNSS网异步环的边数应不大于表3的规定。

表3B、C、D、E级GNSS网异步环的边数

级别BCDE

异步环的边数/条66810

6.2设计要求

6.2.1各级GNSS网点位应均匀分布，相邻点间距离最长不宜超过该网平均点间距的2倍，最短不宜小

于该网平均点间距的2/3。

6.2.2采用GNSS测量建立各等级大地控制网时，其布设应遵循以下要求：

a）用于国家一等大地控制网时，其点位均匀分布，覆盖我国国土；在满足条件的情况下，点位布

设在国家一等水准路线附近或国家一等水准网的结点处；

b）用于国家二等大地控制网时，综合考虑应用服务和对国家一、二等水准网的大尺度稳定性监测

等因素，统一设计，布设成连续网；点位在均匀分布的基础上，尽可能与国家一、二等水准网

的结点、已有国家高等级GNSS点、地壳形变监测网点、基本验潮站等重合；

c）用于三等大地控制网布测时，满足国家基本比例尺测图的基本需求，并结合水准测量、重力测

量技术，精化区域似大地水准面。

6.2.3新布设的GNSS网应与附近已有的国家高等级GNSS点进行联测，联测点数不应少于3点。若附

近有卫星导航定位基准站点，则应优先使用。

6.2.4为求定GNSS点在某一参考坐标系中坐标，应与该参考坐标系中的原有控制点联测，联测的总点

数不应少于3点。在需用常规测量方法加密控制网的地区，D、E级GNSS网点应有1个～2个方向

通视。

6.2.5A级GNSS网应逐点联测高程，距国家一、二等水准路线5km以内的B级GNSS网应逐点联测高

程，C级GNSS网应根据区域似大地水准面精化要求联测高程，D、E级GNSS网可依具体情况联测高程。

6.2.6A、B级GNSS网点的高程联测精度应不低于二等水准测量精度，C级GNSS网点的高程联测精

度应不低于三等水准测量精度，D、E级GNSS网点的高程联测精度应不低于四等水准测量精度或可使

用与其精度相当的方法进行高程联测。各级GNSS网高程联测的测量方法和技术要求应按

GB/T12897或GB/T12898规定执行。

6.2.7B、C、D、E级GNSS网布设时，测区内高于施测级别的GNSS网点均可作为本级别GNSS网的

控制点，并在观测时纳入相应级别的GNSS网中一并施测。

6.2.8在局部补充、加密低等级的GNSS网点时，宜与周边卫星导航定位基准站站点联测，采用的高等

级GNSS网点点数应不少于3个。

6.2.9各级GNSS网按观测方法可采用多个同步环为基本组成的网观测模式，网观测模式中的同步环之

4

GB/T18314—2024

间，应以边连接的方式进行网的构建。

6.3GNSS点命名

6.3.1GNSS点名应以该点位所在地命名，无法区分时可在点名后加注(一)、(二)等予以区别。少数民

族地区应使用规范的音译汉语名，在译音后可附上原文。

6.3.