GB/T 46341-2025 超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机基本技术条件

ICS27.140

CCSK55

中华人民共和国国家标准

GB/T46341—2025

超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机基本技术条件

Fundamentaltechnicalrequirementsforflexibleoperatinghydropower

turbinesunderultra⁃wideload

2025⁃10⁃05发布2026⁃05⁃01实施

国家市场监督管理总局

国家标准化管理委员会发布

GB/T46341—2025

目次

前言··························································································································Ⅲ

引言··························································································································Ⅳ

1范围·······················································································································1

2规范性引用文件········································································································1

3术语和定义··············································································································2

3.1超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机······················································································2

3.2水轮机水头········································································································2

3.3水轮机流量········································································································3

3.4水轮机转速········································································································3

3.5水轮机功率········································································································4

3.6水轮机效率········································································································4

3.7流道主要尺寸·····································································································5

3.8空化、空蚀、磨损··································································································6

3.9水轮机试验········································································································8

3.10压力脉动··········································································································9

3.11叶道涡、卡门涡街·······························································································9

3.12旋转备用········································································································10

4主要技术参数和性能要求··························································································10

4.1一般要求··········································································································10

4.2主要技术参数要求······························································································12

4.3主要性能要求····································································································13

4.4主要部件性能····································································································17

4.5工作应力和安全系数···························································································17

4.6材料和制造要求·································································································19

4.7轴系稳定性要求·································································································19

4.8转轮静平衡·······································································································19

4.9转轮裂纹保证····································································································19

4.10可靠性指标·····································································································19

5水轮机结构设计、工艺·······························································································20

5.1总体要求··········································································································20

5.2转轮················································································································20

5.3主轴················································································································21

5.4主轴密封··········································································································21

Ⅰ

GB/T46341—2025

5.5水导轴承··········································································································21

5.6座环················································································································21

5.7蜗壳················································································································21

5.8尾水管·············································································································21

5.9顶盖················································································································22

5.10底环和基础环··································································································22

5.11导叶和导叶操作机构·························································································22

5.12导叶接力器·····································································································22

5.13补气系统········································································································23

6水轮机控制系统基本功能··························································································23

7供货范围和备品备件································································································23

7.1供货范围··········································································································23

7.2供货界面··········································································································24

7.3备品、备件········································································································24

8资料与图纸············································································································24

8.1交付时间和数量·································································································24

8.2主要项目··········································································································24

9工厂检验及试验······································································································25

10铭牌、包装、运输及保管····························································································26

10.1水轮机铭牌·····································································································26

10.2包装及运输·····································································································26

10.3保管··············································································································27

11安装、运行、维护及验收试验······················································································27

11.1安装和试运行··································································································27

11.2运行与维护·····································································································27

11.3原型验收试验··································································································27

附录A（资料性）不同水头下水轮机压力脉动要求参考值····················································28

附录B（规范性）主轴相对振动位移峰峰值推荐评价区域····················································29

附录C（资料性）水轮机设备基本配置的仪表···································································30

参考文献····················································································································31

Ⅱ

GB/T46341—2025

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由中国电器工业协会提出。

本文件由全国水轮机标准化技术委员会（SAC/TC175）归口。

本文件起草单位：哈尔滨电机厂有限责任公司、中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司、东方

电气集团东方电机有限公司、中国长江三峡集团有限公司、大唐水电科学技术研究院有限公司、中国电

建集团西北勘测设计研究院有限公司、水电水利规划设计总院、哈尔滨大电机研究所有限公司、国网

湖南省电力有限公司电力科学研究院、中国长江电力股份有限公司、中国水利水电科学研究院、中国华

电集团有限公司、中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司、中国电建集团北京勘测设计研究院有

限公司、中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司、华能澜沧江水电股份有限公司、上海福伊特水电

设备有限公司、安德里茨（中国）有限公司、东芝水电设备（杭州）有限公司、杭州杭发发电设备有限公

司、华电电力科学研究院有限公司、浙江富春江水电设备有限公司、长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公

司、国能大渡河流域水电开发有限公司、雅砻江流域水电开发有限公司、国家电投集团黄河上游水电开

发有限责任公司。

本文件主要起草人：覃大清、蒋登云、王威、刘德民、刘洁、张海库、段宏江、田海平、宗万波、叶青平、

凡家异、张建光、蒋志强、黄靖乾、曾明富、郑应霞、易忠有、伍志军、徐德新、周叶、刘婷婷、陈鹏、吴喜东、

李双江、武振波、杜荣幸、黄清、卢池、田子勤、孙文彬、李立、兰岗、章焕能、刘国峰、李林、张勇、黄海兵。

Ⅲ

GB/T46341—2025

引言

随着新型电力系统中能源结构组成不断发生变化，风能、光能等间歇能源占比越来越大，水电机组

由于启停迅速、负荷调节能力强，能够对风能、光能等间歇能源负荷波动提供快速补偿，对电网的稳定

发挥着越来越重要的作用。

为了确保混流式水轮机能够在新型电力系统中充分发挥作用，需拓展水轮机长期连续安全稳定运

行负荷范围。近年来，我国水轮机的设计研发、制造质量、安装调试水平均有了很大提高，有关标准也

发生了变化，但在超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机的研发、制造、安装调试方面还缺少相应的要求，为适应我

国水电建设和完善新型电力系统构建的需要，为此编制此文件，用于指导我国超宽负荷灵活运行水轮

机的招标、投标、订货、设计、制造、安装等工作。

本文件是在对已建、在建大型混流式水轮机的设计、制造、运行经验进行归纳、分析和总结的基础

上，考虑超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机的具体特点，依据相关的现行国际、国家及行业标准或规范进行编

制的。

本文件编制的基本原则是充分考虑超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机的主要特点并满足其关键需求。

本文件是超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机产品设计、制造的依据，可供该类水轮机招标、订货使用。当对

水轮机产品的性能、结构、运行等方面有其他特定要求时，可由供需双方协商后签订合同的技术文件中

明确。

Ⅳ

GB/T46341—2025

超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机基本技术条件

1范围

本文件规定了超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机技术文件的主要技术参数和性能要求、结构设计、供货范

围和界面、备品备件、工厂检验及试验项目，并提出了其铭牌、包装、运输、保管和安装、运行、维护及验

收试验应遵守的规定等。

本文件适用于满足新型电力系统调节需求的能够长期连续超宽负荷安全稳定运行的立轴混流式

水轮机。适用于新建电站立轴混流式水轮机以及已建电站立轴混流式水轮机更新改造产品，已建电站

水轮机更新改造产品包括仅水轮机转轮改造、水轮机转轮和其他部件一起更新改造等。

本文件适用于超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机的招投标文件编制、设计、制造、安装、调试、运行等的指导

和参考。

本文件适用于符合下列条件之一的超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机产品，其他类型水轮机（包括改造机

组水轮机）可参照执行。

a）立轴混流式水轮机且机组额定功率≥50MW。

b）结合不同水头段的水轮机特性和机组运行需求，对转轮公称直径的限值规定如下：

≤50m≥4.0m

——额定水头的立轴混流式水轮机，转轮公称直径D1；

50m≤100m≥3.5m

——<额定水头的立轴混流式水轮机，转轮公称直径D1；

100m≤150m≥3m

——<额定水头的立轴混流式水轮机，转轮公称直径D1；

150m≤200m≥2m

——<额定水头的立轴混流式水轮机，转轮公称直径D1；

>200m≥2m

——额定水头的立轴混流式水轮机，转轮公称直径D1。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文

件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于

本文件。

GB/T191包装储运图示标志

GB/T2900.45电工术语水电站水力机械设备

GB/T3323.1焊缝无损检测射线检测第1部分：X和伽玛射线的胶片技术

GB/T8564水轮发电机组安装技术规范

GB/T9239.1机械振动恒态（刚性）转子平衡品质要求第1部分：规范与平衡允差的检验

GB/T9797金属及其他无机覆盖层镍、镍+铬、铜+镍和铜+镍+铬电镀层

GB11120涡轮机油

GB/T11345焊缝无损检测超声检测技术、检测等级和评定

GB/T11348.5旋转机械转轴径向振动的测量和评定第5部分：水力发电厂和泵站机组

GB/T11805水轮发电机组自动化元件（装置）及其系统基本技术条件

GB/T15468水轮机基本技术条件

GB/T15469.1水轮机、蓄能泵和水泵水轮机空蚀评定第1部分：反击式水轮机的空蚀评定

GB/T15613水轮机、蓄能泵和水泵水轮机模型验收试验

1

GB/T46341—2025

GB/T17189水力机械（水轮机、蓄能泵和水泵水轮机）振动和脉动现场测试规程

GB/T20043水轮机、蓄能泵和水泵水轮机水力性能现场验收试验规程

GB/T28546大中型水电机组包装、运输和保管规范

GB/T28570水轮发电机组状态在线监测系统技术导则

GB/T32584水力发电厂和蓄能泵站机组机械振动的评定

DL/T443水轮发电机组及其附属设备出厂检验导则

DL/T507水轮发电机组启动试验规程

DL/T710水轮机运行规程

JB/T1270水轮机、水轮发电机大轴锻件技术条件

NB/T47013.2承压设备无损检测第2部分：射线检测

NB/T47013.3承压设备无损检测第3部分：超声检测

NB/T47013.4承压设备无损检测第4部分：磁粉检测

NB/T47013.5承压设备无损检测第5部分：渗透检测

NB/T47013.10承压设备无损检测第10部分：衍射时差法超声检测

3术语和定义

GB/T2900.45、GB/T15468界定的术语、定义和符号适用于本文件。

3.1超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机

3.1.1

超宽负荷灵活运行水轮机flexibleoperatinghydropowerturbinesunderultra⁃wideload

符合本文件界定的稳定运行负荷范围，且调峰幅度、启停速率、负荷调节次数等可满足新型电力系

统调节要求的水轮机。

3.2水轮机水头

3.2.1

最大水头maximumhead

Hmax

电站最大毛水头减去一台机空载运行时水头损失最小的输水系统总水头损失后的水轮机水头。

注：单位为米（m）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.3.2]

3.2.2

最小水头minimumhead

Hmin

电站最小毛水头减去本输水系统全部机组在该水头下最大功率时总水头损失后的水轮机水头。

注：单位为米（m）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.3.3]

3.2.3

额定水头ratedhead

Hr

水轮机在额定转速下，输出额定功率时所需的最小水头。

注：单位为米（m）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.3.6]

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GB/T46341—2025

3.2.4

水头变幅variationcoefficentofwaterhead

水头变幅系最大水头与最小水头的比值。

3.3水轮机流量

3.3.1

额定流量rateddischarge

Qr

在额定水头、额定转速下输出额定功率时的流量。

注：单位为立方米每秒（m3/s）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.4.2]

3.3.2

空载流量no-loaddischarge

Q0

在额定转速下水轮发电机组输出功率为零时的流量。

注：单位为立方米每秒（m3/s）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.4.3]

3.4水轮机转速

3.4.1

额定转速ratedspeed

nr

水轮机按电站设计选定的稳态同步转速。

注：单位为转每分（r/min）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.5.1]

3.4.2

飞逸转速runawayspeed

nrun

水轮机处于失控状态，轴端负荷力矩为零时水轮机的稳态转速。

注：单位为转每分（r/min）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.5.2]

3.4.3

比转速specificspeed

ns

在1m水头下，输出功率为1kW时水轮机的转速。

注：按公式（1）计算。

n×P

n=…………（1）

s5

(H)4

式中：

m∙kW

ns——水轮机比转速，单位为米千瓦（）；

n——水轮机转速，单位为转每分（r/min）；

P——水轮机功率，单位为千瓦（kW）；

H——水轮机水头，单位为米（m）。

3

GB/T46341—2025

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.5.7]

3.4.4

额定比转速ratedspecificspeed

nsr

按额定工况参数计算得出的比转速。

注：单位为米千瓦（m·kW）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.5.8]

3.5水轮机功率

3.5.1

水轮机额定功率turbineratedpower

Pr

在额定水头和额定转速下水轮机能够连续发出的功率，通常为电站设计或合同规定的水轮机铭牌

功率。

注：单位为瓦（W）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.6.5]

3.5.2

水轮机最大功率turbineMaximumpower

Pmax

在规定的运行水头范围内，电站设计或合同规定的最大功率。

注：单位为瓦（W）。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.6.7]

3.6水轮机效率

3.6.1

加权平均效率weightedaverageefficiency

hw

在规定的运行范围，不同水头发出不同功率时的水轮机效率的加权平均值。

注：按公式（2）计算。

=(+++⋯)/∑

ηwW1η1W2η2W3η3Wi

…………（2）

=(∑)/∑

WiηiWi

式中：

∑=

Wi——根据电站运行特点确定的水轮机在不同水头、不同功率运行的历时或所能发出电能的权重系数，Wi

100，见表1；

ηi——水轮机在各个加权点对应的效率。

1

表Ｗi

相应水头下保证发出的最大功率

HkW

m

X1X2………………

×××××

H1

×××××

H2

4

GB/T46341—2025

1（续）

表Ｗi

相应水头下保证发出的最大功率

HkW

m

X1X2………………

……×××××

……×××××

……×××××

注1：H1、H2……为不同的水轮机水头，X1、X2……为额定功率的百分比或相应水头下保证发出的最大功率的百分比。

注2：×为不同水头下不同功率时的加权因子。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.7.4]

3.6.2

最优效率optimumefficiency

hopt

水轮机最优工况点对应的效率，即水轮机效率的最大值。

[来源：GB/T15468—2020，3.7.5]

3.7流道主要尺寸

3.7.1

混流式水轮机转轮公称直径francisturbinerunnernominaldiameter

D1为转轮叶片进水边正面和下环相交处的直径。

D2为转轮叶片出水边正面和下环相交处的直径。

1

注：效率修正采用D2，其余宜采用D1。见图。

图1混流式水轮机

[来源：GB/T15468