DB43/T 2372-2022 绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范

ICS73.020

CCSD10

43

湖南省地方标准

DB43/T2372—2022

绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范

Specificationofdrilling-well(deep-holedrilling)technology

forgreengeologicalsurveyandmineralexploration

2022-07-08发布2022-10-08实施

湖南省市场监督管理局发布

DB43/T2372—2022

目次

前言························································································································Ⅲ

1范围·····················································································································1

2规范性引用文件······································································································1

3术语和定义············································································································2

4总则·····················································································································2

4.1基本原则·········································································································2

4.2基本要求·········································································································2

5施工准备···············································································································3

5.1环境调查·········································································································3

5.2设备选择·········································································································3

5.3施工工艺·········································································································3

5.4施工方案·········································································································3

6场地修建···············································································································3

6.1道路规划与修筑································································································3

6.2井场修建·········································································································4

6.3驻地临建·········································································································4

7钻井（深孔钻探）···································································································5

7.1固体矿产钻探施工·····························································································5

7.2油气井施工······································································································5

7.3水文、地热井施工·····························································································6

7.4盐井施工·········································································································6

7.5钻井液管理······································································································6

8综合管理···············································································································7

8.1驻地管理·········································································································7

8.2和谐施工·········································································································7

8.3安全文明施工···································································································7

8.4设备安装维护···································································································7

8.5职业健康·········································································································8

8.6节能降耗·········································································································8

8.7污染源防控······································································································8

9环境恢复与治理······································································································9

9.1井场清理·········································································································9

9.2井场复原·········································································································9

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9.3井场覆土·········································································································9

9.4复垦复绿·········································································································9

10施工评估············································································································10

10.1评估指标与考核····························································································10

10.2资料汇交·····································································································10

附录A（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案提纲·············································11

附录B（规范性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）用表·······················································13

附录C（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工总结报告提纲·······································22

附录D（资料性）常用钻井（深孔钻探）工艺方法·························································24

附录E（资料性）绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）汇交资料清单·············································26

参考文献··················································································································27

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DB43/T2372—2022

前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由湖南省自然资源厅提出并归口。

本文件起草单位：湖南省地质院、湖南省工程地质矿山地质调查监测所、湖南省煤田地质局第一勘

探队、湖南省煤田地质局油气资源勘探队。

本文件主要起草人：李奋强、龙文韬、李光华、吴兵良、杨汉元、谢海英、曾琳、粟琼玉、杨支援、

邓拓、汪超、彭汉革、谷惠东、叶见玲、何大芳、陈立堂、朱菱。

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DB43/T2372—2022

IV

DB43/T2372—2022

绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）技术规范

1范围

本文件规定了绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工的基本原则、基本要求、施工准备、场地修建、钻井

（深孔钻探）、综合管理、环境恢复与治理、施工评估的要求。

本文件适用于孔深1500m以上岩心钻探，5000m以内油气井、地热井、盐井等绿色勘查钻井（深

孔钻探）施工。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，

仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本

文件。

GB3095环境空气质量标准

GB3096声环境质量标准

GB8978污水综合排放标准

GB14161矿山安全标志

GB16423大气污染物综合排放标准

GB18599一般工业固体废物贮存填埋污染控制标准

GB50869生活垃圾卫生填埋处理技术规范

GB/T5005钻井液材料规范

GB/T24001环境管理体系要求及使用指南

GB/T45001职业健康安全管理体系要求及使用指南

AQ2004地质勘查安全规程

DZ/T0078固体矿产勘查原始地质编录规程

DZ/T0227地质岩心钻探规程

DZ/T0351野外地质工作后勤保障要求

DZ/T0374绿色地质勘查工作规范

EJ275铀矿地质生产安全规程

EJ/T1052放射性矿产资源钻探规程

EJ/T1070铀矿岩矿心管理规定

SY/T5466钻前工程及井场布置技术要求

SY/T6426钻井井控技术规程

SY/T6276石油天然气工业健康、安全与环境管理体系

SY/T6586石油天然气钻采设备钻机现场安装及检验标准

TD/T1036土地复垦质量控制标准

TD/T1044生产项目土地复垦验收规程

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3术语和定义

下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

绿色勘查greengeologicalsurveyandmineralexploration

在地质勘查全过程中，落实绿色发展理念，通过运用高效、环保的方法、技术、工艺和设备等，减

少或避免对生态环境造成的不利影响，并对环境扰动进行修复，实现地质勘查、生态环保、社区和谐的

多赢效果。

[来源：DZ/T0374—20213.2]

3.2

场地site

地质勘查活动所涉及的人员居住、道路建设、物资设备存放、工程施工的场所。

[来源：DZ/T0374—20213.2]

3.3

井场wellsite

钻井（深孔钻探）施工必需的作业场地。

3.4

钻井drilling-well

以勘探油气、地热、固体矿产、盐矿等地下资源为目的，在地层中施钻的具有一定深度的圆形孔眼。

3.5

深孔钻探deep-holedrilling

用于地下资源调查、评估为目的，在地层中施钻的深度大于1500米的圆形孔眼。

4总则

4.1基本原则

钻井（深孔钻探）施工全过程应坚持生态环境保护优先的原则，采用先进的技术工艺、设备、方法，

有效减少对生态环境影响的程度、范围及持续时间。

4.2基本要求

4.2.1钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案编制，应分析评估施工对水、大气、声、土壤、野生动植物、自然

遗迹和人文遗迹等影响，确定环境影响的主要因素，制定环境保护和修复措施，编制经费预算，编制提

纲参见附录A。

4.2.2钻井（深孔钻探）施工前，应对项目管理人员和施工人员进行绿色钻井（深孔钻探）培训，强

化生态环境保护意识，掌握绿色勘查要求，并对拟施工的道路和场地原始地形地貌拍摄照片或视频留存。

4.2.3钻井（深孔钻探）施工中的场地平整施工应按附录B表B.1填写，环境保护措施应按附录B表

B.2填写，场地修复情况应按附录B表B.3填写；钻井（深孔钻探）施工质量检查应与地质勘查项目工

作质量检查同步开展，发现问题应及时整改，按附录B表B.4～B.6填写。

4.2.4钻井（深孔钻探）完工后，应按照编制提纲中内容要求，开展环境修复工作。对已恢复的道路

和场地应按照与施工前统一视角、统一参照物拍摄照片或视频等资料留存，按附录B表B.7～B.8填写，

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施工总结参见附录C。

5施工准备

5.1环境调查

5.1.1施工前应对项目场地、交通、植被、水资源、电力设施及通讯等进行调查，识别钻井（深孔钻

探）施工对区域构造、生态环境的影响因素，按附录B表B.9填写，制定专项方案和保护措施。

5.1.2钻井（钻孔）调查应包括但不限于：钻井地理位置、地质构造、井别、井型、井深、目的层、

磁偏角、完钻层位、录井资料、地层孔隙压力监测和地层漏失试验数据、区域地质构造和水文地质条件

等。

5.2设备选择

5.2.1优先采用先进的新型施工设备，宜选用平台型变频直驱转盘钻机、顶驱钻机；鼓励对现有设备

进行油电改造，设备工况良好，新度系数大于0.25。

5.2.2井场动力源应优先采用公用电网，不具备条件时，应采用低噪音和低污染物排放的柴油机动力

源及发电设备。

5.2.3钻井液泵的泵压、排量，应满足钻井液循环要求。

5.2.4岩心钻机井架宜选用四脚钻塔、A型钻塔和桅杆型钻塔；石油钻机井架宜选用Ｋ型井架，钻井

平台的高度应满足井控设备安装要求和整机配套要求。

5.2.5钻台上下、振动筛、循环罐等气体易聚集区域，应选用防爆通风设备。

5.3施工工艺

5.3.1宜采用钻井平台、一基多孔、一孔多支等钻井方式，减少井台数量和钻井占地面积，减少钻井

对地表环境的扰动。

5.3.2钻井（深孔钻探）施工方法选择，参见附录D。

5.4施工方案

5.4.1编制依据

绿色勘查钻井（深孔钻探）施工方案编制依据，包含但不限于以下内容：

——相关的法律法规、标准规范；

——地质设计；

——招投标文件、合同文件；

——项目调查及现场踏勘资料。

5.4.2方案编制内容

施工方案提纲，参见附录A。

6场地修建

6.1道路规划与修筑

6.1.1施工前应对项目沿线交通道路、地形地貌进行实地踏勘，在满足钻井（深孔钻探）的条件下，

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对环境敏感目标采取避让措施，应避让植被生长区；道路选址应避免堵塞和填充自然排水通道，减小设

备搬迁过程对自然环境的破坏或影响。

6.1.2在确保安全通行的条件下，应控制新修道路规格，宜修建桩架路作为临时道路。

6.1.3对无法一次运输到位的道路或绕不开的桥涵，采用二次修筑或道路加固时，在满足设备二次转

场前提下，应控制新修道路规格，减少对环境扰动；采用二次转场方式时，应根据架空路线净高及弯道

半径等路况制定运输方案。

6.1.4道路修筑应遵循如下规定：

——避开雨水季节；

——控制挖损、占用土地的面积；

——耕地、林地、草地和园地应进行表土剥离，耕地表土剥离厚度宜大于0.3m；

——剥离表土应选择适宜场地进行堆存并采取覆盖措施，用于被损毁土地的复绿（复垦）；

——应选用低噪声设备，施工噪声应符合GB3096要求；

——应制定扬尘防治专项方案。

6.2井场修建

6.2.1施工前应对井场周围的居民住宅、学校、厂矿、国防设施、高压电线、油气管线、道路、水资

源情况、风向变化等进行踏勘调查，并在钻井地质设计中标注清楚。

6.2.2井口距高压线及其它永久性设施不小于75m；距民宅不小于100m；距铁路、高速公路不小于

200m；距学校、医院和大型油库等人口密集性、高危性场所不小于500m；井筒与采掘坑道、矿井通

道之间的距离不小于100m。

6.2.3井场大小应满足钻井（深孔钻探）作业的要求，石油钻机、水文钻机的井场布置按SY/T5466

规定执行。岩心钻机的井场布置按DZ/T0227规定执行。

6.2.4井场方向以钻井（深孔钻探）平台的井（孔）口为原点，以平台底座的两条垂直平分线的延长

线为准线，划分井场功能区域；井场大门方向应符合井控安全要求，井场周围应设置两处临时安全区，

应保持一个位于当地季节风的上风方向。在井场入口、临时安全区、井架上、钻台上、循环系统、防喷

器远控台、液气分离器排气口和放喷管线出口100m处，应设置风向标。

6.2.5场地平整范围应满足安全施工、表土堆放的需要，不应采用混凝土硬化场地，场地剥离物按DZ/T

0374—2021中5.2.4规定执行。

6.2.6设备布局以满足钻井（深孔钻探）需要，符合防火、防爆、防洪、防污染等要求，林区施工时，

应采取防火隔离措施。

6.2.7防喷器远程控制台摆放在面对井架大门左侧、距井口应大于25m的位置。压井管汇坑设置在井

场左侧，节流管汇坑设置在井场右侧，方井与节流、压井管汇坑的连接沟尺寸应不小于700mm（宽）

×800mm（深）。

6.2.8发电房、油罐区距井口不小于30m，发电房与油罐区相距不小于20m，柴油机排气管出口不能

指向油罐区。高架水罐、油罐、发电房宜布置在井场外。

6.2.9井场边坡上方汇水面大或位于冲沟附近，应设置截水沟；井场四周宜设置两道排水沟；第一道

排水沟（外围）主要用于地表水、雨水的排泄；第二道排水沟（内侧）主要用于井场内的污油、钻井液、

雨水的疏导，排泄至预先设置的排污沉淀池。第一道沟应高于第二道沟，高差不应小于0.5m。

6.3驻地临建

6.3.1项目驻地宜优先就近租用当地民居或公共建筑物，井场新建休息室、办公生活房屋时，宜采用

搭建帐篷、集装箱或使用活动板房。

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6.3.2新建项目驻地，应综合考虑安全、卫生、生态环境保护等因素，避开水源保护区、水库泄洪区。

6.3.3合理规划布局项目驻地工作区和生活区，选择在基础稳定，周边截、排水良好，无地质灾害及

山洪灾害隐患，对环境影响较小的区域进行建设，应控制驻地占地面积。

7钻井（深孔钻探）

7.1固体矿产钻探施工

7.1.1施工工艺宜采用绳索取心钻进、液动冲击回转钻进、多工艺潜孔锤空气钻进、不提钻换钻头钻

进等工艺。

7.1.2施工场地应遵循如下规定：

——操作场地、材料物资存放场地等地面应铺设防渗材料，厚度应大于3mm的土工布；

——油料存放地、循环沟、浆液池、垃圾池等易发生渗漏污染的表面应铺设防渗材料，厚度应大于

5mm；

——在钻井（深孔钻探）平台下方和设备检修区域，应铺设吸油毡。

7.1.3施工过程中发现孔内严重漏失和施工现场周边泉点的水质、水量、颜色有变化时，应分析原因，

确认漏失层（段），并采用环保材料堵漏或下入套管等方法进行封堵；当发现孔内涌水时，应对钻孔中

接触的承压水进行控制，防止浪费和不同含水层间的交叉污染。

7.1.4放射性矿产的钻探施工应符合EJ/T1052和EJ/T1070要求，安全生产符合EJ275规定。

7.1.5施工中产生的废水、生活污水排放，应符合GB8978要求；产生的废浆液、岩屑、钻渣等废弃

物，经沉淀和固化处理后，应满足GB18599要求。

7.1.6终孔后应按照设计要求做好完井或封孔，设置永久性标志。

7.2油气井施工

7.2.1施工工艺宜采用转盘钻进、顶驱钻进、孔底动力钻进等技术工艺，钻进循环介质为空气、清水

或环保钻井液，应控制钻井液密度平衡地层压力。

7.2.2施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按7.1.5规定执行。

7.2.3施工中钻井液性能测试，应遵循如下规定：

——正常钻进时，每6t～8t测一次钻井液常规性能；储层段起钻前应测一次钻井液常规性能；

特殊作业时，应增加监测频次；

——高温深井段钻进时，应根据井底温度，每3d～4d监测钻井液高温高压性能应至少一次；

——处理钻井液的前后，应监测全套钻井液性能并做好记录，分析每次维护处理的效果。井下发生

气侵、盐水侵、膏岩侵、卡钻等复杂及事故时，应增加监测频次，采取相应措施控制各种侵蚀

对环境造成的影响；

——发现气侵应及时排除，气侵钻井液未经排气不应重新注入井内；

——电测前进行钻井液循环时，应取钻井液样品作滤失试验，保留试验结果的泥饼并收集大于10ml

的滤液待用。

7.2.4储层的保护，应遵循如下规定：

——进入储层的钻井液应进行改造或改性，其组分及性能要与油气层特性相匹配；

——根据储层物性特征和潜在伤害因素选用储层保护剂，钻井液用储层保护剂一般包含有与储层相

匹配的屏蔽暂堵剂、无渗透封堵剂、防渗封堵剂、表面张力降低剂、粘土抑制稳定剂等。

7.2.5压裂材料选用及重复利用，按7.5.4规定执行。

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7.2.6硫化氢、二氧化碳气侵预防与处理，应遵循如下规定：

——进入含硫气层50m～100m前，井浆中应加入除硫剂，控制pH值9.5～11，并保持钻井液较

好的流变性、脱气性；

——在含硫地层钻进时，保持除硫剂含量在0.5％～1.5％，pH值控制在9.5～11；

——遇硫化氢污染时，应加入烧碱、除硫剂、缓释剂，控制滤液中硫化氢含量低于50mg/m3；

——遇二氧化碳污染，应加入石灰、缓释剂、消泡剂，提高pH值至9.5～10.5，并调节好流变性。

7.2.7固井井段按设计要求施工，终孔后按7.1.6规定执行。

7.3水文、地热井施工

7.3.1施工工艺宜采用牙轮钻头钻进、空气潜孔锤钻进、气举反循环钻进等施工技术工艺。钻井液应

满足不破坏含水层结构、不堵塞含水层过水通道，成井后粘度自然降解，泥皮自破等要求。

7.3.2在地压型、高温或蒸汽地热田施工时，钻井浆液循环系统应安装井控装置，合理选择使用钻具

内防喷装置、气体分离器、钻井液液面监测装置。

7.3.3采用气动潜孔锤或气举反循环等易产生粉尘的钻井工艺，应采用湿式作业或采取井口除尘措施；

施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按7.1.5执行。

7.3.4高温钻井时钻头之上、主动钻杆之下宜各安装一个止逆阀，预防井喷或溢流发生。

7.3.5地热钻井采用气举反循环施工及进行降压试验作业时，应及时向井内补充钻井液或清水，监测

周边水位变化状态并采取相应的措施。

7.3.6施工中应时刻关注孔内水位的变化状态，发现钻井液损耗异常时，应采用环保材料堵漏或下入

套管等方法进行封堵；需固井的井段按设计要求施工，减轻钻井施工及抽水试验作业对地下水的污染和

对环境造成扰动破坏。

7.3.7抽水、放水试验的地热水及自溢井热水排放，应采取相应的导流或封闭处理措施，防止热水排

放对环境的影响。

7.3.8洗井及封孔按设计要求施工，设置永久性标志。

7.4盐井施工

7.4.1施工工艺宜采用“一基多孔、多口对接”方案，同一个施工场地，实施多口井对接；在老矿区

应安装井控装置，合理选用井（孔）口防喷装置、钻井液液面监测装置。

7.4.2在非含盐层段，宜选用水基钻井液；当钻孔将要进入盐层时，应配置成饱和盐水钻井液。

7.4.3进入盐层前须进行氯离子测试，盐层钻进应使用饱和盐水钻井液，不得使用沥青等处理剂。

7.4.4饱和盐水钻井液施工时，应封闭泥浆池（灌）、循环槽、沉淀池等，防止地表水的浸入和钻井液

的泄漏。

7.4.5盐井施工不应采用放射性测井。

7.4.6水溶性盐类矿床封井宜全孔注水泥浆封闭，矿层段采用饱和盐水配水泥浆，非矿层段采用清水

配水泥浆。

7.4.7施工产生的废液、废气、固体废弃物处理按7.1.5规定执行。

7.4.8终孔后应按照设计要求做好完井或封孔施工，设置永久性标志。

7.5钻井液管理

7.5.1钻井液循环系统宜采用移动式泥浆箱，避免现场开挖；确需开挖的，泥浆池底部及四周应铺设

防渗材