DB43/T 2526-2022 大型钢结构件焊接技术规范

ICS91.060

CCSQ73

43

湖南省地方标准

DB43/T2526—2022

大型钢结构件焊接技术规范

Technicalspecificationsforweldingoflarge-sizedsteelstructure

2022-12-09发布2023-03-09实施

湖南省市场监督管理局发布

DB43/T2526—2022

目次

前言························································································································Ⅲ

1范围·····················································································································1

2规范性引用文件······································································································1

3术语和定义············································································································2

4焊接工艺···············································································································2

4.1工艺规程············································································································2

4.2工艺评定············································································································2

5焊材选择···············································································································3

6焊前准备···············································································································4

6.1下料···············································································································4

6.2坡口···············································································································5

6.3焊接设施设备···································································································5

6.4焊接环境·········································································································5

6.5其它要求·········································································································5

7过程要求···············································································································5

7.1定位焊············································································································5

7.2预热···············································································································5

7.3焊接···············································································································6

7.4后热处理·········································································································7

7.5焊后热处理······································································································7

7.6焊后检验·········································································································7

7.7焊接返修·········································································································8

7.8变形的校正······································································································8

8质量控制···············································································································8

9记录与保存············································································································8

附录A（资料性）钢结构焊接坡口的形式和尺寸····························································10

A.1焊条电弧焊全焊透坡口形式和尺寸······································································10

A.2气体保护焊全焊透坡口形式和尺寸······································································12

A.3埋弧焊全焊透坡口形式和尺寸············································································14

A.4焊条电弧焊部分焊透坡口形式和尺寸···································································17

A.5气体保护焊部分焊透坡口形式和尺寸···································································20

A.6埋弧焊部分焊透坡口形式和尺寸·········································································23

附录B（资料性）钢结构焊接电流推荐参数··································································26

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B.1手工电弧焊····································································································26

B.2气体保护焊····································································································26

B.3埋弧焊··········································································································26

附录C（资料性）数字化焊接车间建设········································································27

C.1背景·············································································································27

C.2用途·············································································································27

C.3主要模块与功能······························································································27

参考文献··················································································································29

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前言

本文件按照GB/T1.1—2020《标准化工作导则第1部分：标准化文件的结构和起草规则》的规

定起草。

请注意本文件的某些内容可能涉及专利。本文件的发布机构不承担识别专利的责任。

本文件由湖南省工业和信息化厅提出并归口。

本文件起草单位：湘潭永达机械制造股份有限公司、湖南恒岳重钢钢结构工程有限公司、湖南中冶

长天重工科技有限公司、中水恒岳（湖南）新能源科技有限公司、湖南联诚轨道装备有限公司、长沙天

一智能科技股份有限公司、焊联工业互联网有限公司、长沙天辰激光科技有限公司、长沙盛泓机械有限

公司、湖南九方焊接检测技术有限公司、长沙丰正机械设备有限公司、湖南诚超重工科技有限公司、国

家建设与城建机械质量监督检查中心、湖南国重智联工程机械研究院有限公司、湘潭大学、长沙市工程

机械行业协会、湖南省焊接协会、湖南彩桥企业管理咨询服务有限公司、湖南北斗星标准化服务有限公

司。

本文件主要起草人：傅能武、罗文斌、张峰、王建国、吴广辉、唐方、李志明、彭和思、陈小亮、

屈利君、黄干、肖曼麟、陈成、袁振、马云东、朱东旭、蒋习均、甘甜、刘金刚、毛志君、姜胜强、唐

曙光、罗剑英、黎建国、曹应斌、陈国瑞、王友欢、章慧、寻富荣、何小波、石中璠、刘广茂、喻志慧。

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DB43/T2526—2022

IV

DB43/T2526—2022

大型钢结构件焊接技术规范

1范围

本文件规定了大型钢结构件（以下简称“结构件”）焊接的焊接工艺、焊材选择、焊前准备、过程

要求、质量控制等技术要求。

本文件适用于中大型钢结构件的电弧焊、埋弧焊、熔化极气体保护焊、氩弧焊等工艺的焊接。

2规范性引用文件

下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，

仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本

文件。

GB985气焊、手工电弧焊及气体保护焊焊缝坡口的基本形式和尺寸

GB/T1804一般公差未注公差的线性和角度尺寸的公差

GB/T3375焊接术语

GB/T4842氩

GB/T5117非合金钢及细晶粒钢焊条

GB/T5118热强钢焊条

GB/T5293埋弧焊用非合金钢及细晶粒钢实心焊丝、药芯焊丝和焊丝-焊剂组合分类要求

GB/T6052工业液体二氧化碳

GB/T8110气体保护电弧焊用碳钢、低合金钢焊丝

GB/T10045非合金钢及细晶粒钢药芯焊丝

GB/T12470埋弧焊用热强钢实心焊丝、药芯焊丝和焊丝-焊剂组合分类要求

GB/T17493热强钢药芯焊丝

GB50205钢结构工程施工质量验收标准

GB50661钢结构焊接规范

JB/T5943工程机械焊接件通用技术条件

JB/T6046碳钢、低合金钢焊接构件焊后热处理方法

NB/T47014承压设备焊接工艺评定

AWSD1.1/D1.1M:2002美国钢结构焊接规范（StructuralWeldingcode-steel）

BSEN1090钢结构和铝结构的施工（Executionofsteelstructuresandaluminiumstructures）

ISO13920：1996焊接结构的一般尺寸公差和形位公差（Welding-Generaltolerancesforwelded

constructions-Dimensionsforlengthsandangles;shapeandposition）

ISO14175:2008焊材熔焊和相关工艺中使用的气体和气体混合物的分类要求（Welding

consumables-Gasesandgasmixturesforfusionweldingandalliedprocesses）

ISO15609-1金属材料焊接工艺规程及评定第1部分：电弧焊（Specificationandqualification

ofweldingproceduresformetallicmaterials-Weldingprocedurespecification-Part1:Arc

welding）

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ISO15614-1:2017焊接工艺评定（WeldingProcedureQualification）

3术语和定义

GB/T3375界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。

3.1

大型钢结构件large-sizedsteelstructure

应用于工程机械、风电、轨道交通等设施设备的转台、臂架、车架、动臂等外形尺寸和质量大的结

构件，钢板厚度不小于6mm。

4焊接工艺

4.1工艺规程

4.1.1技术人员应根据设计文件、工况要求以及制造现场条件等实际情况，编制每个焊接接头的焊接

工艺文件。

4.1.2焊接工艺规程应根据客户的要求分别符合GB50661、ISO15609、AWSD1.1的规定。

4.1.3焊接坡口应符合图样和工艺文件的要求，必要时可自行设计，设计坡口的形式和尺寸应考虑以

下因素：

——焊接方法；

——母材种类与厚度；

——焊缝填充金属尽量少；

——避免产生缺陷；

——减少焊接变形与残余应力；

——有利于焊接保护；

——焊接操作方便。

4.1.4焊接坡口的形式和尺寸参见附录A,焊接电流的选择参见附录B。

4.1.5相同钢号母材焊接时，选用焊接材料应保证焊缝金属的力学性能高于或等于母材规定的限值，

必要时，其他性能也不应低于母材相应要求；或力学性能和其他性能满足设计文件规定的技术要求。

4.1.6不同钢号母材焊接时，选用焊接材料应保证焊缝金属的抗拉强度高于或等于强度较低母材抗拉

强度下限值，且不超过强度较高母材标准规定的上限值。

4.1.7被焊母材有冲击要求时，熔敷金属的冲击功不应低于母材规定。

4.1.8焊接接头板厚不小于25mm时，宜采用低氢型焊接材料。

4.1.9宜使用夹具以及转台等焊接工装，便于焊件的组装、焊缝的观察和焊接操作。

4.1.10焊件电流的选择与焊条（丝）直径的推荐见附录B；立焊时电流应比平焊小15％～20％；仰焊

时电流应比平焊小10％～15％。

4.2工艺评定

4.2.1结构件的焊接工艺应进行工艺评定。

4.2.2结构件的焊接工艺评定应满足客户要求，符合GB50661、NB/T47014、ISO15614、AWSD1.1等

相关标准的规定。

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5焊材选择

5.1电弧焊用焊条应符合GB/T5117、GB/T5118的规定；气体保护焊焊丝应符合GB/T8110、GB/T10045、

GB/T17493的规定；埋弧焊用焊丝和焊剂应符合GB/T5293、GB/T12470的规定；气体保护焊使用的

氩气应符合GB/T4842和ISO14175的规定；气体保护焊使用的二氧化碳应符合GB/T6052的规定。

5.2常用钢号推荐选用的焊接材料见表1。

表1常用钢号推荐选用的焊接材料

焊接材料（对应焊材标准号）

钢号实心焊丝气体药心焊丝气体

焊条电弧焊埋弧焊氩弧焊

保护焊保护焊

T43XTX-XS43XX-SU08A

E43XXER49-XER49-X

Q215T43TX-XS43SX-SU08

（GB/T5117）（GB/T8110）(GB/T8110）

(GB/T10045）（GB/T5293）

Q235T43XTX-X

20、25E43XXT43TX-XS43XX-SU08A

15MnE50XXT49XTX-XS43SX-SU08A

Q275(GB/T5117)T49TX-X（GB/T5293）

ER49-XER49-X

Q235GJ（GB/T10045）

ER50-XER50-X

Q235q

(GB/T8110)（GB/T8110）

Q235NH

E50XX-XT49TX-XS49XX-SU26

Q265GNH

(GB/T5118)（GB/T17493）GB/T12470）

Q295NH

Q295GNH

Q355S49XX-SU26

20MnT49XTX-XS49SX-SU26

E50XX

25MnT49TX-XS49XX-SU34

（GB/T5117）

Q390（GB/T10045）S49SX-SU34

Q345GJER50-X（GB/T5293）ER50-X

Q390GJER55-XER55-X

Q345q（GB/T8110）S49XX-SU26（GB/T8110）

Q370qE5015、16-XaT49TX-XS49XX-SU34

Q310GNH（GB/T5118）（GB/T17493）S49XX-SU43

Q355NH（GB/T12470）

Q355GNH

E5515

Q42016-X

ER55-XS55XX-SU43ER55-X

Q420GJ（GB/T5118）T55TX-X

ER62-XbS55XX-SUM3ER62-Xb

Q420q（GB/T17493）

E6015（GB/T8110）（GB/T12470）（GB/T8110）

Q415NH16-Xb

（GB/T5118）

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表1常用钢号推荐选用的焊接材料（续）

焊接材料（对应焊材标准号）

钢号实心焊丝气体药心焊丝气体

焊条电弧焊埋弧焊氩弧焊

保护焊保护焊

E5515

16-X

Q460T55TX-XS55XX-SU43

（GB/T5118）ER55-XER55-X

Q460GJT62TX-XS55XX-SUM3

（GB/T8110）（GB/T8110）

Q460NHE6015（GB/T17493）（GB/T12470）

16-X

（GB/T5118）

Q500

Q500q

Q500GJ

ER69-XT69TX-X

Q500NH///

（GB/T8110）（GB/T17493）

Q500q

Q550GJ

Q550NH

Q620

Q620q

Q620GJER76-X

////

Q690（GB/T8110）

Q690q

Q690GJ

其它牌号的钢可参考钢厂提供的指导性参数选择

注：1.表中X对应焊材标准中的相应规定。

a仅适用于厚度不大于35mm的Q345q钢及厚度不大于16mm的Q370q钢；

b仅适用于厚度不大于16mm的Q420q钢。

5.3焊条直径焊件厚度匹配推荐见表2；平焊时，直径可大一些；立焊时焊条直径不超过5mm；仰焊

时直径不超过4mm；开坡口多层焊接时，第一层焊缝宜采用直径3.2mm的焊条。

表2焊条直径的推荐参数

焊件厚度（mm）6～12＞12

焊条直径（mm）4～55～6

6焊前准备

6.1下料

6.1.1应按图样和工艺文件要求下料，下料未标注的公差应符合GB/T1804的要求。

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6.1.2所有切割面应去除毛刺，粗糙度不低于Ra25。

6.1.3关键部件应使用机加工的方式下料。

6.2坡口

6.2.1焊接坡口表面应保持平整、不应有裂纹、分层、夹杂等缺陷。

6.2.2坡口表面及附近（以离坡口边缘的距离计）区域应去除水、锈、油污、积渍等。

6.3焊接设施设备

6.3.1焊接设备、加热设备及辅助设备应工作状态正常，安全可靠，仪表应定期校准或检定。

6.3.2承放焊件平台应平整、牢固，支撑有效，也可用平整坚硬、干净的地面代替平台。

6.3.3焊接场地应具备焊件起吊、固定等相关设备和工装。

6.4焊接环境

6.4.1焊接环境应符合工艺文件要求。如环境温度低于5℃时，应实施焊前预热，焊后保温措施；预

热温度应通过工艺试验确认。

6.4.2采用焊条电弧焊焊接时，风速应不大于8m/s；气体保护焊接时，风速应不大于2m/s。

6.4.3下雨或下雪时应停止室外焊接作业。

6.5其它要求

6.5.1焊接作业人员应培训合格且有相应资质的人员。

6.5.2焊接母材使用前需除油、除锈。

6.5.3除真空包装外，焊条（丝）、焊剂应按产品说明书规定的规范进行再烘干，对烘干温度超过350℃

的焊条，累计烘干次数不宜超过3次。经烘干之后可放入保温箱内（100℃～150℃）待用。

7过程要求

7.1定位焊

7.1.1组对定位后，坡口间隙、错边量、棱角等应符合图样和工艺文件的要求。

7.1.2各种构件校正好之后方可施焊，不得随意移动垫铁和卡具，以防造成构件尺寸偏差。

7.1.3不应强力组对，定位焊缝长度及间距应符合工艺文件的要求。

7.1.4定位焊不得有裂纹、气孔和夹渣。

7.1.5熔入永久焊缝的定位焊缝两端应便于接弧，其焊缝形状应适合与最后焊缝的结合。

7.1.6定位焊的长度宜大于50mm；母材的厚度小于12mm时，定位焊的最小长度应为材料厚度的4

倍。

7.2预热

7.2.1焊前预热及预热温度应根据母材交货状态、化学成分、力学性能、焊接性能、厚度及焊件的拘

束程度等因素确定。

7.2.2焊接母材厚度大于25mm时，预热范围为焊缝两侧宽度各大于100mm；测温点为距离焊缝30mm～

50mm的范围内。常用中等热输入焊接时，推荐的最低预热温度见表3。

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表3常用钢材推荐的最低预热温度（℃）

接头最厚部件的板厚t（mm）

常用钢材牌号

6≤t≤2020＜t≤4040＜t≤6060＜t≤80t＞80

Q235、Q295——405080

Q345—206080100

Q390、Q420206080100120

Q4602080100120150

Q550、Q69060100110150165

其它牌号的钢可参考钢厂提供的指导性参数

注：1.焊接热输入约为15kJ/cm～25kJ/cm，当热输入每增大5kJ/cm时，预热温度可比表中温度降低20℃；

2.当采用非低氢型焊接材料或焊接方法焊接时，预热温度应比表中规定的温度提高20℃；

3.当母材施焊处温度低于0℃时，应根据焊接作业环境、母材牌号及板厚的具体情况将表中预热温度适当增

加，且应在焊接过程中保持这一最低道间温度；

4.焊接接头板厚不同时，应按接头中较厚板的板厚选择最低预热温度和道间温度；

5.焊接接头材质不同时，应按接头中较高强度、较高碳当量的钢材选择最低预热温度；

6.本表不适用于供货状态为调质处理的钢材；控轧控冷（TMCP）钢最低预热温度可由试验确定。

7.2.3预热范围应大于测温点A所示区间（见图1），在此区间内任意点的温度都要满足规定的要求。

7.2.4预热的焊件接头温度在整个焊接过程中应不低于预热温度。

7.2.5预热温度的测量应在加热面的背面进行。无法背面测量时，应先移开加热源，待母材厚度方向

上温度均匀后测定。温度均匀化的时间按每25mm母材厚度需2min的比例确定。

7.2.6测温点位置（见图1）：

——当焊件焊缝处母材厚度不大于50mm时，A等于4倍母材厚度t且不大于50mm；

——当焊件焊缝处母材厚度大于50mm时，A不小于75mm。

a）对接接头b）T型接头

图1测温点A的位置

7.3焊接

7.3.1焊接设备电源和接线的选择应符合焊接设备的操作规程。

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7.3.2应按焊接工艺文件施焊。

7.3.3应在引弧板或坡口内引弧，不应在非焊接部位引弧。纵焊缝应在引出板上收弧，弧坑应填满。

7.3.4防止地线、电缆线、焊钳等与焊件打弧。

7.3.5电弧擦伤处应进行修磨，使其均匀过渡到母材表面，修磨的深度应不大于该部位母材厚度的

5％，且不大于2mm，否则应进行补焊。

7.3.6对有冲击试验要求的焊件应控制线能量，每条焊道的线能量都不应超过评定合格的限值。

7.3.7多层焊时，各焊道的接头应尽量错开。

7.3.8多道焊或多层焊时，应注意道间和层间清理，将焊缝表面熔渣、有害氧化物、油脂、锈迹等清

除干净后再继续施焊。

7.3.9双面焊应清理焊根，显露出正面打底的焊缝金属。自动焊时，若经试验确认能保证焊